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来振华，孔德群，周建，等.先进表征技术在铝/铜异种金属激光焊接中的应用［J］.电焊机，2022，52（01）：35-45.
LAI Zhenhua, KONG Dequn, ZHOU Jian, et al.Advanced characterisation techniques in aluminium/copper dissimilar metal laser welding[J].Electric Welding Machine, 2022, 52(01): 35-45.
铝/铜异种金属激光焊接工艺已成为化工、制冷、航空、航天、汽车等领域电子电器元件制造的关键连接技术，但高反射率使得这两种金属对于激光的吸收率非常低，焊后依然会出现脆性金属间化合物，使力学性能急剧降低。材料表征是材料科学与工程研究及应用的重要手段和方法，目的就是要了解、获知材料的成分、组织结构、性能以及它们之间的关系。机器视觉技术（VMT）可有效解决动力电池模组激光焊接合格率低的问题，光学发射光谱法（OES）能识别熔池最丰富元素化学元素，激光诱导荧光（LIF）可充分发挥激光焊接的效益优势，快速、灵敏地检测出高功率激光加工金属过程中合金元素之间的蒸气压差造成的非均衡合金元素损失，从而检测出机械性能和微观组织的变化。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）能清晰观察到铝/铜异种金属激光焊缝微米级/纳米级微观结构特征，显著弥补光学金相显微镜在放大倍数上的局限性，为失效机理的推断提供科学的试验证据；高精度表征手段TEM尚未见用于铝/铜激光焊接组织的表征，期待未来可作为有机补充，进一步研究铝/铜激光焊接的物理冶金过程的本质特征。X射线能谱分析（EDS）采用定点分析、线扫、面扫等方式表征铝/铜异种金属激光焊缝微观结构或局部区域的化学成分，根据元素种类与含量推测焊缝特征区的金属间化合物物相组成。X射线衍射分析（XRD）能明确铝/铜焊缝可能形成的金属间化合物相的成分范围、点阵结构、晶格常数、空间群等晶体学特征量，更多的先进表征技术也应借鉴应用到铝/铜激光焊接工艺来以发挥更大的科研价值。
The aluminium/copper dissimilar metal laser welding process has become a key connection technology for the manufacture of electrical and electronic components in the chemical, refrigeration, aviation, aerospace and automotive sectors, but the high reflectivity makes the two metals have very low absorption for the laser and brittle intermetallic compounds still occur after welding, causing a dramatic reduction in mechanical properties. Material characterisation is an important tool and method in materials science and engineering research and applications, with the aim of understanding and learning about the composition, structure and properties of materials and the relationships between them. Machine vision technology (VMT) can effectively solve the problem of low qualification rate of laser welding of power battery modules, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) can identify the most abundant elemental chemical elements of the melt pool, laser induced fluorescence (LIF) can take full advantage of the benefits of laser welding, fast and sensitive detection of non-equilibrium alloying elements caused by the vapour pressure difference between alloying elements during high power laser processing of metal loss, and thus detect changes in mechanical properties and microstructure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can clearly observe the microscopic structural features of aluminium/copper heterogeneous metal laser welds at the micron/nanometer level, significantly compensating for the limitations of optical metallurgical microscopy in terms of magnification, providing scientific test evidence for the inference of failure mechanisms; high-precision characterisation means TEM has not been seen for the characterisation of aluminium/copper laser welding organisation, and is expected to be used as an organic supplement in the future to further study the aluminium/copper laser welding X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is used to characterise the chemical composition of the microstructure or localised areas of aluminium/copper heterogeneous metal laser welds by means of spot analysis, line sweeping and surface sweeping, and to infer the composition of the intermetallic compound phases in the characteristic areas of the weld according to the element type and content. More advanced characterisation techniques should also be applied to the aluminium/copper laser welding process in order to be of greater scientific value.
铝/铜焊接激光焊冶金材料表征化学成分
aluminum/copper weldinglaser weldingmetallurgymaterial characterizationchemical composition
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