Effect of Cr on Low-Temperature Toughness of Deposited Metal of Nickel-based Flux-Cored Wire

GAO Yixian; KANG Tianyou; YAO Lichun; WANG Qingyun; WANG Xinghua; LIU Wu; WANG Renfu

doi:10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.05.11

Welding Technology | Views : 0 下载量: 16 CSCD: 0

PDF
Export
Share
Collection
Album

Effect of Cr on Low-Temperature Toughness of Deposited Metal of Nickel-based Flux-Cored Wire
Vol. 56, Issue 5, Pages: 93-101(2026)
Received：11 November 2025，

Revised：2026-01-05，

Published：20 May 2026
DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.05.11
稿件说明：

移动端阅览

高轶先，亢天佑，姚立春，等.Cr对镍基药芯焊丝熔敷金属低温韧性的影响［J］.电焊机，2026，56（5）：93-101. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.05.11.

GAO Yixian, KANG Tianyou, YAO Lichun, et al.Effect of Cr on Low-Temperature Toughness of Deposited Metal of Nickel-based Flux-Cored Wire[J].Electric Welding Machine, 2026, 56(5): 93-101. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.05.11.

摘要

镍基药芯焊丝以其高熔敷效率、良好的焊接适应性及优异的焊接工艺性，在超低温储罐、石油化工和海洋平台等领域具有良好的应用前景。但其技术难度大，成熟度较低，目前仍处于探索阶段。本文通过多尺度表征，系统研究了镍基药芯焊丝药芯粉中Cr含量对熔敷金属力学性能和显微组织的影响。结果显示，当药芯粉中Cr含量在7.0~13.0 wt.%范围内，熔敷金属显微组织主要由奥氏体树枝晶构成，并在枝晶间析出σ相及M

C碳化物，析出相的面积分数由0.92%增至1.94%，同时，基体中存在大量非金属夹杂物。随着药芯粉中Cr含量增加，-196 ℃下平均夏比冲击吸收能量显著增长，由20.0 J增至48.7 J。研究发现，熔敷金属中-196 ℃冲击韧性提升主要归因于非金属夹杂物尺寸和数量变化，随着药芯粉中Cr含量增加，熔敷金属中夹杂物平均直径从0.85 μm降至0.56 μm，大尺寸夹杂物数量分数由59.7%降至43.6%，体积分数从1.32%降至0.55%。在低温冲击载荷下，熔敷金属组织中作为潜在裂纹源的大尺寸夹杂物是焊缝金属低温韧性下降的主要原因。

Abstract

Nickel-based flux-cored wire shows promising application potential in ultra-low-temperature storage tanks

petrochemical industries

and offshore platforms owing to its high deposition efficiency

good welding adaptability

and excellent weldability. However

due to high technical challenges and relatively low maturity

it remains in the exploratory stage. In this study

the influence of Cr content in the nickel-based flux-cored powder on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the deposited metal was systematically investigated via multi-scale characterization. It was found that when the Cr content in the flux-cored powder ranged from 7.0 wt.% to 13.0 wt.%

the microstructure of the deposited metal was primarily composed of austenitic dendrites

with σ phase and M

C carbides precipitated in the interdendritic regions. The area fraction of precipitates increased from 0.92% to 1.94%. In addition

a considerable number of non-metallic inclusions were observed in the matrix. As the Cr content in the powder increased

the average Charpy impact energy at -196 °C was significantly enhanced

rising from 20.0 J to 48.7 J. The improvement in impact toughness at -196 °C was mainly attributed to changes in the size and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. With increasing Cr content

the average inclusion diameter decreased from 0.85 μm to 0.56 μm

the number fraction of large-sized inclusions decreased from 59.7% to 43.6%

and their volume fraction decreased from 1.32% to 0.55%.Under cryogenic impact loading

large-sized inclusions

serving as potential crack initiation sites in the deposited metal

were identified as the primary cause for the degradation of low-temperature toughness in the weld metal.

关键词

Keywords

references

Mu W ， Li Y ， Cai Y ， et al . Low-cycle fatigue and fracture behaviour of 9 % Ni steel flux cored arc welding joint at cryogenic temperature ［J］. MATEC Web of Conferences ， 2019 ， 269 ： 1 - 8 .

Qu Z ， Xia L ， Wang X . The study on welding technology of 9Ni steel ［J］. Materials Science Forum ， 2019 ， 941 ： 516 - 523 .

Kim Y ， Lee S H ， Park M ， et al . Enhanced ultra cryogenic impact toughness in 9 wt.% Ni steel through lamellar microstructure refinement ［J］. Materials Science and Engineering：A ， 2024 ， 914 ： 1 - 9 .

Saini S ， Singh K . Recycling of steel slag as a flux for submerged arc welding and its effects on chemistry and performance of welds ［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology ， 2021 ， 114 （ 3 ）： 1165 - 1177 .

Kim B E ， Park J Y ， Lee J S ， et al . Effects of the welding process and consumables on the fracture behavior of 9 wt.% nickel steel ［J］. Experimental Techniques ， 2020 ， 44 （ 2 ）： 175 - 186 .

Sham K ， Liu S . Flux-coating development for SMAW consumable electrode of high-nickel alloys ［J］. Welding Journal ， 2014 ， 93 ： 271 - 281 .

Liu D ， Ao W ， Xue N ， et al . Microstructure and mechanical properties of 9% nickel steel welded joints using a CoCrNi filler wire for cryogenic storage tanks ［J］. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping ， 2024 ， 212 ： 1 - 12 .

蔡群，李刚，徐圣宇，等 . 一种Ni-Cr-Mo镍基合金焊丝凝固过程元素偏析及相转变规律研究［J］. 材料科学与工艺， 2022 ， 30 （ 2 ）： 28 - 34 .

CAI Q ， LI G ， XU S Y ， et al . Study on solidification segregation and phase transformation of a Ni-Cr-Mo alloy filler wire ［J］. Materials Science and Technology ， 2022 ， 30 （ 2 ）： 28 - 34 .

Peng H ， Liu X ， Deng C ， et al . Evolution of microsegregation induced precipitations and bending fracture mechanisms of 9% Ni steel weldments filled with nickel-based alloys ［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology ， 2023 ， 26 ： 42 - 57 .

Mu W ， Li Y ， Cai Y ， et al . Cryogenic fracture toughness of 9%Ni steel flux cored arc welds ［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology ， 2018 ， 252 ： 804 - 812 .

寇伟祥，张明洋，韩欢庆 . MnO对碳钢药芯焊丝性能影响研究［J］. 材料开发与应用， 2023 ， 38 （ 1 ）： 17 - 22 .

KOU W X ， ZHANG M Y ， HAN H Q . Study on effect of MnO on properties of carbon steel flux cored wire ［J］. Development and Application of Materials ， 2023 ， 38 （ 1 ）： 17 - 22 .

Chen G ， Luo H ， Yang H ， et al . Effects of the welding inclusion and notch on the fracture behaviors of low-alloy steel ［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology ， 2019 ， 8 （ 1 ）： 447 - 456 .

Han C ， Zhong M ， Zhu Z ， et al . DBTT reduction enabled by SiO 2 -bearing flux in submerged arc welds ［J］. Welding Journal ， 2025 ， 104 （ 10 ）： 418 - 433 .

Ying G ， Shangyu Y ， Cong Z ， et al . Low-temperature toughness enhancement of 9% Ni steel girth welds in LNG storage tanks via a TIP-TIG welding process ［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ， 2024 ， 33 （ 14 ）： 7098 - 7110 .

Wang H ， He G . A comparative study of microstructures and properties of two types of cickel-based alloy covered electrodes ［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ， 2017 ， 26 （ 1 ）： 94 - 104 .

Han C ， Zhong M ， Kaldre I ， et al . Role of SiO 2 upon weld metal inclusion characteristics in EH36 shipbuilding steels treated by CaF 2 -SiO 2 fluxes ［J］. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ， 2023 ， 54 （ 3 ）： 989 - 995 .

Guo X ， Xu K ， Wei C ， et al . Effect of Mo in Ni-30Cr filler metal on the eutectic phases of weld metal ［J］. Welding in the World ， 2023 ， 67 （ 5 ）： 1145 - 1153 .

Liu J ， Qin L ， Zhao M . The hydrogen-induced twin boundary cracking behavior in nickel-based alloy 625： Insights from secondary carbide dissolution ［J］. Materials Science and Engineering：A ， 2025 ， 941 ： 148624 .

苏小虎，栗卓新，马思鸣，等 . 氧含量及夹杂物对高强钢金属芯焊丝E120C-K4熔敷金属冲击韧性的影响［J］. 材料导报， 2020 ， 34 （ 11 ）： 49 - 52 .

SU X H ， LI Z X ， MA S M ， et al . Effect of oxygen content and inclusions on impact toughness in deposited weld metal of high strength steel metal cored wire E120C-K4 ［J］. Materials Review ， 2020 ， 34 （ 11 ）： 49 - 52 .

Qin R ， He G . Mass transfer of nickel-base alloy covered electrode during shielded metal arc welding ［J］. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A ， 2013 ， 44 （ 3 ）： 1475 - 1484 .

Babu S ， David S ， Vitek J ， et al . Model for inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds ［J］. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining ， 1999 ， 4 （ 5 ）： 276 - 284 .

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal of 800 MPa Grade High-Strength Steel Welding Wire

Effect of Hydrogen on Low Temperature Toughness of TIP-TIG Welded 9Ni Steel Joints for LNG Storage Tanks

Study on Evaluation Methods for Shear Property of Low Alloy Steel Fillet Weld

Effect of Transverse Magnetic Field on Microstructure and Properties of Deposited Metal of High Strength Steel Welding Wire

Effect of Mn Content on the Microstructure and Properties of the Deposited Metal of ENiCrMo-2 Welding Electrode