Effect of Bulk Energy Density on Formed Defects of SLM 316L Stainless Steel

LIU Wentao; ZHANG Gang; SHI Yu; WANG Jianbo

doi:10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.01.03

Important Issuse | Views : 0 下载量: 0 CSCD: 0

PDF
Export
Share
Collection
Album

Effect of Bulk Energy Density on Formed Defects of SLM 316L Stainless Steel
Vol. 56, Issue 1, Pages: 20-26(2026)
Received：25 February 2025，

Revised：2025-03-17，

Published：20 January 2026
DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.01.03
稿件说明：

移动端阅览

刘文涛，张刚，石玗，等.体能量密度对316L不锈钢SLM成形缺陷的影响［J］.电焊机，2026，56（1）：20-26. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.01.03.

LIU Wentao, ZHANG Gang, SHI Yu, et al.Effect of Bulk Energy Density on Formed Defects of SLM 316L Stainless Steel[J].Electric Welding Machine, 2026, 56(1): 20-26. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.01.03.

摘要

针对核燃料组件管座用316L不锈钢选区激光熔化（SLM）成形中工艺参数与缺陷演化的关联机制问题，本研究通过正交试验与多尺度表征，揭示了体能量密度（

）对成形质量及缺陷行为的调控规律。结果表明：当

=102.88 J/mm

（

=250 W，

=0.9 m/s，

=30 μm，

=90 μm，

=67°）时，成形件综合性能最优，致密度达99.78%，顶表面粗糙度

=7.49 μm，孔隙率降至0.16%，满足核组件致密度

99.5%的工程标准。缺陷演化呈现显著区间特性：低

区间（

68.87 J/mm

）孔隙率从18.2%（

=44.92 J/mm

）急剧下降至0.54%，主要归因于未熔合缺陷的消除；高

区间（

104.38 J/mm

）孔隙率波动于1.21%~1.88%，与熔池不稳定导致的飞溅和气孔团聚相关。µ-CT分析表明，成形件中间区域孔隙较少，而顶层和底层区域存在较多5~15 µm近球形孔隙；高

（134.20 J/mm

）下孔隙分布呈规律性，但局部熔池失稳导致气体团聚，形成大尺寸不规则孔隙。此外，粉材中残余氧与Si元素偏聚形成亚微米级氧化夹杂。研究揭示了

对缺陷类型、分布及形成机制的调控作用，为核燃料组件关键部件的高精

度、高可靠性SLM制造提供了工艺优化策略与理论支撑。

Abstract

Regarding the correlation mechanism between process parameters and defect evolution in the selective laser melting (selective laser melting

SLM) forming of 316L stainless steel for nuclear fuel assembly tube seats

this study

through orthogonal experiments and multi-scale characterization

revealed the regulatory laws of volumetric energy density (

) on forming quality and defect behavior. The results indicated that when

=102.88 J/mm

(

=250 W

=0.9 m/s

=30 μm

=90 μm

=67°)

the formed components had the best comprehensive performance

with a density of 99.78%

a top surface roughness

of 7.49 μm

and a porosity of 0.16%

meeting the engineering standard of nuclear component density

99.5%. The defect evolution presented significant interval characteristics: in the low

interval (

68.87 J/mm

)

the porosity decreased sharply from 18.2% (

=44.92 J/mm

) to 0.54%

mainly attributed to the elimination of incomplete fusion defects; in the high

interval (

104.38 J/mm

)

the porosity fluctuated between 1.21% and 1.88%

related to the splashing and agglomeration of gas pores caused by unstable molten pools. µ-CT analysis showed that the intermediate area of the formed components had fewer pores

while the top and bottom areas had more 5-15 μm spherical pores; in the high

(134.20 J/mm

) case

the pore distribution was regular

but local molten pool instability led to gas agglomeration

forming large irregular pores. Furthermore

residual oxygen in the powder and the Si element tend to segregate to form sub-micron-sized oxide inclusions. The study has revealed the regulatory role of Ev in defect types

distribution and formation mechanisms

providing a process optimization strategy and theoretical support for the high-precision and high-reliability SLM manufacturing of key components of nuclear fuel assemblies.

关键词

Keywords

references

Yoo Y ， Kim K ， Eom K ， et al . Finite element analysis of the mechanical behavior of a nuclear fuel assembly spacer grid ［J］. Nuclear Engineering and Design ， 2019 ， 352 ： 110179 .

陈君，康凯，冯钜，等 . 压水堆核电站结构材料的腐蚀行为研究进展［J］. 西华大学学报（自然科学版）， 2020 ， 39 （ 3 ）： 104 - 112 .

CHEN J ， KANG K ， FENG J ， et al . Research progress on the corrosion behavior of structural steels of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant ［J］. Journal of Xihua University （Natural Science Edition）， 2020 ， 39 （ 3 ）： 104 - 112

Fan F ， Jiang M ， Wang P ， et al . Defect-associated microstructure evolution and deformation heterogeneities in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel ［J］. Materials Science and Engineering：A ， 2022 ， 861 ： 144287 .

Suryawanshi J ， Prashanth K G ， Ramamurty U . Tensile，fracture，and fatigue crack growth properties of a 3D printed maraging steel through selective laser melting ［J］. Journal of alloys and compounds ， 2017 ， 725 ： 355 - 364 .

Fu C ， Li J ， Bai J ， et al . Effect of helium bubbles on irradiation hardening of additive manufacturing 316L stainless steel under high temperature He ions irradiation ［J］. Journal of Nuclear Materials ， 2021 ， 550 ： 152948 .

Schröder J ， Evans A ， Polatidis E ， et al . Understanding the impact of texture on the micromechanical anisotropy of laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 ［J］. Journal of materials science ， 2022 ， 57 （ 31 ）： 15036 - 15058 .

Peng T ， Chen C . Influence of energy density on energy demand and porosity of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting ［J］. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology ， 2018 ， 5 ： 55 - 62 .

Smith C ， Hommer G ， Keeler M ， et al . Assessing volumetric energy density as a predictor of defects in laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel ［J］. JOM ， 2024 ： 1 - 12 .

Mostafaei A ， Zhao C ， He Y ， et al . Defects and anomalies in powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing ［J］. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science ， 2022 ， 26 （ 2 ）： 100974 .

Lin J ， Chen F ， Tang X ， et al . Radiation-induced swelling and hardening of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selected laser melting ［J］. Vacuum ， 2020 ， 174 ： 109183 .

Ahmed N ， Barsoum I ， Haidemenopoulos G ， et al . Process parameter selection and optimization of laser powder bed fusion for 316L stainless steel：A review ［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Processes ， 2022 ， 75 ： 415 - 434 .

朱明，张豪，石坤，等 . 激光清洗时氟碳铝粉漆层表面粗糙度的分析及其对激光吸收的影响［J］. 焊接学报， 2024 ， 45 （ 3 ）： 43 - 53 .

ZHU M ， ZHANG H ， SHI K ， et al . Analysis of surface roughness of fluorocarbon aluminum powder coating during laser cleaning and its influence on laser absorption ［J］. Transactions of the China Welding Institution ， 2024 ， 45 （ 3 ）： 43 - 53 .

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Study on Brazing Process and Defects Control of CF3 Fuel Assembly Bottom Nozzle

Residual Stress Numerical Simulation of Selective Laser Melting for GH4169 Alloy

Welding workstation for fuel assembly top nozzle based on KUKA arc welding robot

Early Degradation of GaN-based Power LED under Electrical Stresses

Influence of Al³⁺ on The Photoluminescence of Ge/Al-SiO₂ Films