增材制造技术在核能材料领域的挑战与前景
Challenges and Prospects of Additive Manufacturing Technology in the Field of Nuclear Materials
- 2026年56卷第4期 页码:1-11
收稿:2025-12-19,
修回:2026-01-19,
纸质出版:2026-04-20
DOI: 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.04.01
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收稿:2025-12-19,
修回:2026-01-19,
纸质出版:2026-04-20
移动端阅览
随着核能系统向更高安全性、经济性与性能指标发展,增材制造技术因其在复杂构件一体化成形、材料利用率提升及快速迭代设计方面的独特优势,被视为推动核能装备革新的一项关键使能技术。目前,国内外研究已围绕核级材料的增材制造适应性、成形件组织性能调控及在反应堆关键部件(如燃料包壳、换热器、屏蔽结构)的潜在应用展开积极探索,初步验证了其技术可行性,尤其是在以TPMS结构换热器等为代表的具有复杂结构构件的生产制造方面,增材制造技术相比传统锻造铸造方式具有显著的优势。然而,将增材制造技术真正应用于核能这一极端服役环境,仍面临一系列从材料、工艺到质量控制的系统性挑战,主要瓶颈体现在两方面。首先,部分核用金属材料(如钨及钨合金、镍基高温合金等)在增材过程中由于快速熔凝的非平衡工艺特性而极易产生热裂纹、气孔等冶金缺陷,难以满足核级部件严格的力学与抗辐照性能要求;其次,对于目前常用的核能材料,现有增材制造工艺窗口狭窄,难以同时保障几何精度、内部质量与稳定的理想微观组织,使得样件性能批次稳定性差,制约其工程化认证与应用。本文将探讨增材制造技术在核能领域的发展现状及应用前景,着重分析增材制造在气氛控制、解决开裂难题以及过程监测等方面的发展方向,并强调了建立“AI+高通量”智能研发体系的重要性,旨在通过结合人工智能、机器学习等前沿信息技术,加速新材料新工艺的设计与制造进程,系统性突破核能部件增材制造应用的核心技术瓶颈。
As nuclear energy systems advance toward higher safety
economic efficiency
and performance metrics
additive manufacturing technology is recognized as a key enabling technology for driving innovation in nuclear equipment. This is due to its unique advantages in integrated forming of complex components
enhanced material utilization
and rapid iterative design. Current domestic and international research has actively explored the potential applications of additive manufacturing in nuclear-grade materials
focusing on adaptability
microstructural and property control of formed components
and their use in critical reactor components such as fuel cladding
heat exchangers
and shielding structures. These studies have preliminarily validated its technical feasibility
particularly in the production of complex structural components like TPMS structural heat exchangers
where AM demonstrates significant advantages over traditional forging and casting methods. However
the practical application of AM in the extreme service environment of nuclear energy still faces a series of systemic challenges spanning materials
processes
and quality control. The primary bottlenecks manifest in two aspects. First
certain nuclear-grade metallic materials (such as tungsten and tungsten alloys
nickel-based high-temperature alloys
etc.) are highly susceptible to metallurgical defects like hot cracks and porosity during the additive process due to the non-equilibrium characteristics of rapid solidification. This makes it difficult to meet the stringent mechanical and radiation resistance requirements for nuclear components. Second
for commonly used nuclear materials
existing additive manufacturing processes have a narrow operational window
making it difficult to simultaneously ensure geometric accuracy
internal quality
and stable ideal microstructures. This results in poor batch-to-batch consistency in specimen performance
hindering their engineering certification and application. This paper explores the current development status and application prospects of additive manufacturing technology in the nuclear energy sector. It focuses on analyzing development directions in atmosphere control
crack mitigation
and process monitoring
while emphasizing the importance of establishing an “AI+high-throughput” intelligent R&D system. The aim is to accelerate the design and manufacturing of new materials and processes by integrating cutting-edge information technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning
thereby systematically overcoming core technological bottlenecks that constrain the application of additive manufacturing in nuclear components.
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