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收稿：2025-12-09，
修回：2026-02-25，
纸质出版：2026-03-20
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近年来，增材制造技术在核领域的应用研究热度持续上升，一些增材制造零部件已经被应用到实际运行的核电站。全面梳理了核领域增材制造技术应用进展，分析了核领域增材制造技术应用的现存问题与挑战，对相关内容进行了系统综述。目前，全球核领域增材制造已形成“中美双强引领，多国特色发展”的格局，技术路径涵盖了从原型验证到工程应用，正在改变着核能装备的研发与制造模式。尽管增材制造技术在核领域的应用已经取得了进展，但其推广应用还面临着如材料性能与长期可靠性问题、工艺缺陷与质量控制难题、法规标准体系滞后等现实问题。核级设备及关键部件长期承受高温、高压以及辐照的服役环境，需要充分掌握其相关性能数据，但目前增材制造的材料在辐照环境下长期考验数据匮乏，增材制造过程产生的纳米级沉淀相、各向异性以及微孔会在辐照条件下形成辐照诱导腐蚀裂纹源，进而影响核级设备及部件的服役寿命，带来安全风险。因此，增材制造部件的工程应用需经过热等静压处理或高温固溶退火处理，以使其再结晶、组织均匀化。此外，现行核安全法规未明确增材制造的核级设备及部件的认证，存在法规未覆盖全面的现实问题。现有国内与国际核领域相关标准体系也尚未覆盖增材制造设备及部件，特别是在材料验收、工艺评定等方面存在空白。增材制造核级设备认证依赖个案审查，设备取证、安全分析与评价需结合项目特点单独开展。
In recent years
the application of additive manufacturing technology in the nuclear field has gained increasing research attention
with some additively manufactured components already being deployed in operational nuclear power plants. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress in the application of additive manufacturing technology in the nuclear sector
analyzes existing challenges and issues
and systematically summarizes relevant content. Additive manufacturing
which builds components layer by layer
overcomes the geometric limitations of traditional processes and offers advantages such as rapid prototyping
material performance optimization
integrated manufacturing of complex structures
and in-service repair for nuclear applications
demonstrating significant potential. Currently
a global pattern of "two major leaders
China and the United States
with multiple countries pursuing distinctive development paths" has emerged in nuclear additive manufacturing. The technological pathways span from prototype validation to engineering applications
gradually transforming the research
development
and manufacturing paradigms of nuclear energy equipment. Despite the progress made in the application of additive manufacturing technology in the nuclear field
its widespread adoption still faces practical challenges
such as material performance and long-term reliability issues
process defects and quality control difficulties
and lagging regulatory and standards systems. Nuclear-grade equipment and critical components are subjected to long-term service conditions involving high temperatures
high pressure
and radiation. A thorough understanding of their high-temperature mechanical performance data is essential. However
there is a scarcity of long-term performance data for additively manufactured materials under radiation conditions. Nanoscale precipitates
anisotropy
and micro-voids generated during the additive manufacturing process can become sources of irradiation-assisted corrosion cracking under radiation
thereby affecting the service life of nuclear-grade equipment and components and posing safety risks. Consequently
engineering applications of additively manufactured parts require post-processing such as hot isostatic pressing or high-temperature solution annealing to induce recrystallization and microstructural homogenization. Furthermore
current nuclear safety regulations do not explicitly address the certification of additively manufactured nuclear-grade equipment and components
resulting in gaps in regulatory coverage. Existing domestic and international standards systems for the nuclear field have yet to fully encompass additive manufacturing equipment and components
particularly in areas such as material acceptance and process qualification. The certification of nuclear-grade additively manufactured equipment currently relies on case-by-case reviews
and equipment licensing
safety analysis
and evaluation must be conducted individually based on project-specific characteristics.
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