激光焊接工艺与仿真技术的研究现状及发展方向
Progress and Trend on Laser Welding Process and Simulation Technology
- 2025年55卷第9期 页码:28-46
收稿日期:2024-11-01,
修回日期:2025-01-24,
纸质出版日期:2025-09-20
DOI: 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2025.09.03
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收稿日期:2024-11-01,
修回日期:2025-01-24,
纸质出版日期:2025-09-20
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激光焊接作为一种先进的焊接工艺,在航空航天、新能源、高端装备制造等领域的应用需求持续攀升,且这些领域对激光焊接构件,特别是异质材料焊接构件的质量与可靠性提出了愈发严苛的要求。然而,激光焊接过程的复杂性使得其机理研究进展缓慢,难以构建较精准的工艺-组织-性能映射关系,制约了其快速发展与应用。本研究首先回顾了激光焊接的原理与关键技术,对比气体、固体(含光纤)、半导体三类激光源的性能指标与适用场景;其次聚焦工艺优化,分析功率密度、离焦量、搭接方式等关键参数对焊缝成形的影响,以及在线监测技术(X射线高速成像、光学相干断层扫描)与信号处理算法(短时傅里叶变换、深度学习)在缺陷识别中的应用进展;重点总结金属材料焊接研究成果,分析缺陷成因及控制,归纳同种材料(特别是异质材料)连接及新工艺的发展,同时梳理用于激光焊接的数值模型及其研究进展。随着过程监测设备的发展,在线监测与数值模拟结合有望突破异质材料与大型构件的激光焊接问题,成为智能制造的重要助力。
Laser welding
as an advanced welding process
is increasingly in demand in fields such as aerospace
new energy
and high-end equipment manufacturing. Moreover
these fields have imposed increasingly stringent requirements on the quality and reliability of laser-welded components
especially those made of heterogeneous materials. However
the complexity of the laser welding process makes its mechanism research progress slowly
making it difficult to construct a precise mapping relationship between process
structure
and properties
which restricts its rapid development and application. This paper first reviews the principles and key technologies of laser welding
and compares the performance indicators and applicable scenarios of three types of laser sources: gas
solid (including fiber)
and semiconductor. It then focuses on process optimization
analyzing the effects of key parameters such as power density
defocus amount
and overlapping method on weld formation
as well as the progress in defect identification using online monitoring technology (X-ray high-speed imaging
optical coherence tomography) and signal processing algorithms (short-time Fourier transform
deep learning). It summarizes the research results of metal material welding
analyzes defect causes and controls
and generalizes the development of connecting similar materials (especially heterogeneous materials) and new processes
while also reviewing the numerical models used for laser welding and their research progress. With the development of process monitoring equipment
the combination of online monitoring and numerical simulation is expected to break through the connection problems of heterogeneous materials and large components
becoming an important part of intelligent manufacturing.
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