Forming and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Joints by Local Dry Underwater Laser Welding

XU Lei; WU Lianglu; YIN Yuhuan; BAO Yunfeng; WANG Weidong; QIE Mofan; SUN Qingjie

doi:10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.06.04

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Forming and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Joints by Local Dry Underwater Laser Welding
Vol. 56, Issue 6, Pages: 37-44(2026)
Received：08 May 2025，

Revised：2025-08-15，

Published：20 June 2026
DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.06.04
稿件说明：

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徐磊，吴梁禄，尹玉环，等.304不锈钢局部干法水下激光焊接头成形与性能［J］.电焊机，2026，56（6）：37-44. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.06.04.

XU Lei, WU Lianglu, YIN Yuhuan, et al.Forming and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Joints by Local Dry Underwater Laser Welding[J].Electric Welding Machine, 2026, 56(6): 37-44. DOI： 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2026.06.04.

摘要

针对水下焊接环境中水介质对焊缝质量的不利影响，采用局部干法对4 mm厚304奥氏体不锈钢进行水下激光焊接试验。在0~50 mm水深范围内验证了双层排水罩的排水稳定性，系统研究了焊速（0.8~1.2 m/min）对焊缝成形与气孔率的影响规律，并对比了水下与常规环境焊缝微观组织及力学性能的差异。结果表明，局部干法可有效隔离焊缝正面水环境，但背部水环境促进氢卷入及匙孔失稳；气孔率随焊速呈先降后升趋势，1.0 m/min时最低为1.4%，1.2 m/min时以冶金型氢气孔为主达7.8%，0.8 m/min时匙孔失稳导致工艺型气孔回升至5.9%。背部水环境的强化散热使水下焊缝组织显著细化，并抑制高热输入下的凹陷与驼峰缺陷。优选参数（功率3 800 W、焊速1.0 m/min、离焦量+3 mm）下水下焊缝抗拉强度668 MPa、屈服强度367 MPa，拉伸与弯曲性能略优于同材质常规焊缝，少量小尺寸气孔及背部轻微成形不均匀对力学性能影响可忽略。

Abstract

To address the adverse effects of water environment on weld quality

underwater laser welding of 4 mm thick 304 austenitic stainless steel was conducted using a local dry method. The drainage stability of a double-layer drainage hood was verified within 0-50 mm water depth. The influence of welding speed (0.8-1.2 m/min) on weld formation and porosity was systematically investigated

and the differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between underwater and conventional welds were compared. The results show that the local dry method effectively isolates the weld top surface from water

but the backside water environment promotes hydrogen entrapment and reduces keyhole stability. The porosity exhibits a decrease-then-increase trend with welding speed: the minimum of 1.4% is achieved at 1.0 m/min

metallurgical hydrogen porosity dominates at 1.2 m/min (7.8%)

and process-induced porosity due to keyhole instability rises to 5.9% at 0.8 m/min. Enhanced heat dissipation from the backside water environment significantly refines the underwater weld microstructure and mitigates depression and hump defects under high heat input. Under optimal parameters (laser power 3800 W

welding speed 1.0 m/min

defocusing distance +3 mm)

the underwater weld exhibits a tensile strength of 668 MPa and yield strength of 367 MPa

with tensile and bending properties slightly superior to conventional welds. Small-scale pores and minor backside inhomogeneity have negligible effects on mechanical performance.

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Keywords

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